Here is a video I found whilst researching Paper airplane guides. I found it really informative and useful. We will use this as a basis for our own group work throughout this project.

We could approach the brief in many different ways. We could produce a 'fun pack' for children to create their own paper airplane, we could create a video like the one above which informs and instructs, or we could also create a flyer or pamphlet to educate and inform young children on how to make their own paper airplane. This is something very cheap and easy to do and therefore we can easily target this product at children aged between 5 and 8.

We then went on to look at more specific research. Continuing with our theme of paper airplanes we are looking at specific styles and current models that are around today;


There is a wide range of paper airplane books and guides already existing within the marketplace for both adults and children. To bring something different to the market will prove difficult from first impressions. Guides to making paper airplanes are fairly easy to come by and generally pretty in depth including the physics behind how they work and even tips on decorating planes. Many of them also include printed pages which can be taken out and folded in order to make planes that go from looking like jumbo jets to pizza slices and so forth.

But maybe trying to re-invent the wheel is too ambitious for this timescale. The graphic design on most of these books is fairly similar and tends to lack innovation and individuality. Which path our group decides to go down will hopefully become clearer with the correct research and analysis.

This is slightly un-related but I found this installation an interesting idea. A game involving Paper Planes made by the player is an interesting concept. It could be done on a much smaller scale like targets you print out from your computer for instance.

Taking the concept into the digital era I managed to find an App which takes you through the process. Doing something which is accessed by a device such as a smart phone or computer is another option but might take away from the luxury we've been given with this topic, that of it being based around paper.

Also keeping my brief in mind I'm not sure which method would appeal to children? And in which way can we educate and explain in a manner to which they respond and engage.

As you can see from the guides and pamphlets below paper airplane guides are usually quite plain and basic. However, We hope to create a more fun design which is focused more directly at our target audience 5-8 year old children.

For the second part of our 'How to...' brief we were all allocated different groups under different titles. MY title was 'Paper' and therefore everyone with 'paper' related topics was grouped together. We then had to decide on a new 'How to...' based on the four we already had. Our four different titles were; 


- How to write a bibliography
- How to make Paper Mache
- How to make a paper airplane
- How to create your own reading list


I came up with this initial idea 'How to make a Paper Mache airplane', however people thought this may be too complicated and confused and so we agreed to go with 'How to make a paper airplane'. We chose children aged between 5 and 8 as our target audience and the purpose of the brief is to educate and inform. 


Here is some initial research;

Paper:

Material manufactured in small sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, printing on or as a wrapping material.  

Of or pertaining to paper; made of paper; resembling paper; existing only on paper; unsubstantial; as a, paper box, paper army.

Airplane:

An aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets.

Paper Plane:

A paper plane, paper aeroplane (UK), paper airplane (US), paper glider, paper dart or dart is a toy plane made out of paper or paperboard; the practice or constructing paper planes is sometimes referred to as 'aerogami'.


Facts and figures relating to paper planes/aeroplanes/airplanes:

- The world record for the longest flight is 27.6 seconds held by Ken Blackburn.
- Longest distance thrown is 58.82m.
- Smallest one ever crafted was made from a piece of paper 2.9mm square using a microscope and tweezers. It sits on top of a needle. 

MATERIALS NEEDED:

1. One sheet of paper. Common notebook paper or stationery should work quite well.

The paper used must be rectangular in shape with straight, smooth edges and square (90°) corners. In order to provide the necessary stiffness and ease of folding the paper's weight should be at least 18 pound but not more than 28 pound paper. The size of the paper is less important than the features already discussed. It may range from about 4x6 inches to about 11x14 inches (lighter weight paper is more suitable for smaller sheet sizes).

The "weight" of paper offers an approximation of how thick and how stiff each sheet is. The term actually refers to the weight of a stack of 500 sheets of paper (of a certain size, which I have forgotten; possibly 17x22 inches?).

2. A smooth, flat work surface.

The work surface should be at least as large as the sheet of paper and offer a firm, stable surface to support the paper while it is being folded.

3. OPTIONAL: One pair of scissors or paper shears.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 Fold the paper in half lengthways. Crease this fold well, then reverse it (open up the folded page and fold it along the same line in the opposite direction; in other words, turn it inside out) and crease again. This fold is the foundation of all that follows and it is important that it is done properly. Ensure that the long edges of the paper are carefully aligned so that they are flush with one another over their whole length before creasing the fold.

Step 2

Fold down the top left corner until the top edge of the left half of the page is aligned with the first fold.

Step 3

Fold down the top right corner until the top edge of the right half of the paper is aligned with the first fold.

Step 4

Fold the point down. Steps two and three form a "point" at the top of the page. Fold this point down (toward you) so that the flaps formed in steps two and three are on the inside of the fold. Make the fold as high up on the page as possible without folding or crushing the flaps which are on the inside of this fold.

Step 5

Fold in half lengthways (along the original fold from step 1) towards the back so that the folded-down point is on the outside of the fold.

Step 6

Tear or cut a notch in the upper corners. If you have scissors available they will provide an easier and more attractive way to make the notches. Remove a square (about ½ inch) from the outer corners. Make sure you do not cut your notch along the center fold.

Step 7 Open the fold from step five so that the point is again on top and pointed toward the bottom of the page. The notched corners will be at the top of the page. Step 8 Fold down the top left corner so that the top edge of the left half of the page is aligned with the center fold. This step is very similar to step two. Step 9 Fold down the top right corner so that the top edge of the right half of the page is aligned with the center fold. This step is very similar to step three. Step 10 Fold up the tip of the point to hold the flaps in place. Steps eight and nine created two "flaps" which expose the tip of the point (which was created in steps three and four) through the notches created in step six. Fold the exposed tip of the point up so that it covers the edges of the two flaps. This will hold those flaps in the proper position during flight. Step 11 Fold the right side of the page back along the center fold so the the flaps and point are exposed on the outside. This creates two panels folded back-to-back along the center fold, with the notches and upturned point on the outside of the fold and the inside faces of the panels being smooth. Step 12 Rotate the page clockwise 90° so that the angled portion is to the right and the square end is to the left. Fold down the right wing. This fold lifts just the top panel created in step 11 and folds it "in half" so that the angled upper edge of the panel is parallel to and even with the original center fold (now at the bottom of the page). Step 13 Flip the page over, left to right so that the fold created in step 12 is down against the work surface and the angled edge is at the top and left and the square end (now possibly with the protuding tail of the wing created in step 12, depending upon the length-to-width proportions of the original sheet of paper) is to the right. Fold down the left wing. This fold is a mirror image of the one just completed in step 12. The angled edge is folded down so that it is parellel to and even with the original center fold. Finished Plane The plane is now finished and ready to fly! Paper Craft: Paper folding looks almost effortless in the animations but can be frustrating with real paper. Even a reverse fold on a rudder which looks simple requires patience and some practice. Expect to learn about a plane by folding it several times and save your best effort (and paper) for last. Most folds involve corners and edges so the creases can be made exact. Others like the main wing fold of most planes can only be described as "about there". These folds are doubly difficult because they usually include many many layers of paper. By trying the folds different ways to see the effect on the airplane, the best way for each craft can always be found. Basic Aerodynamics: The study of forces that affect an object moving through air is known as aero-dynamics. The same forces that allow kites and gliders to fly apply to paper airplanes and real airplanes as well. In fact, all objects are affected as they move through air or air moves past them. Designers or airplanes, sailboats, race cars and even buildings rely on the same principles of aerodynamics. For airplanes, we consider 4 basic forces: gravity thrust drag lift Now, if your interest in airplanes only goes as far a booking your holidays though fly.com or Expedia, you might not be interested in the details, but it is always good to have a basic understanding. If you are an avid paper plane-maker or you plan on getting a pilot's license then you might want to make understanding aerodynamics a priority! Let's start with gravity. Gravity is a constant force that pulls the plane toward the ground. Thrust usually comes from an airplane's engine but paper airplanes get thrust from you throwing them. Drag is the opposing force to thrust and is caused by friction of the plane's skin with air. Drag slows the plance reducing the wing's ability to generate lift. Lift is created when moving air above a wing creates lower pressure. A Swiss mathematician, Daniel Bernoulli, discovered this effect which you can demonstrate. Tape a piece of paper to a table edge and blow across it at lower pressure that the still air below it. This slight pressure difference causes the paper to rise. The same principle applies to curved wings found on real airplanes. Air moving over the top of the wing has to travel slighty farther (and so a little faster) than the air beneath it. This causes slighty lower pressure above the wing which creates lift. The best wing shape for lift depends on many things and usually is designed using a computer and a wind tunnel. Paper airplanes don't have curved wings so how do they fly? They use the angle of attack of their flat wings to create lift. Even though the paper wings are flat, you will notice that air movig across the top surface has to travel slightly farther (and faster). Lift is generated from the same low pressure (Bernoulli effect) as with a curved wing although not nearly as much. The total amount of lift also depends on air speed and wing size. Airplanes can fly only when total lift is large enough to counteract their weight. Since all the airplanes in this program weigh about the same, those with smaller wings fly faster. This happens because larger wings can generate enough lift even when they are flying more slowly. Common Folds: When making paper airplanes, it is very common to fold something in half. Often it's the whole sheet but many times it's a flap or a large diagonal. Fold things in half as accurately as you can. Most airplanes rely on each half being exactly the same for balance and straight flight. Another fairly common paper fold is called a reverse. This happens after a few creases are established in a flat sheet and then reversed to allow a section fold inside another. Usually the inside section will form the plane's tail or rudder. Another common fold in origami as well as paper airplanes is called water-bomb. It gets its name from the small paper cube based on this fold which will really hold water. After folding a sheet in half, fold both the large diagonals which square the sheet. Turn the sheet over and fold a crease through the center of the "X" made by the two diagonal creases. Now the sheet makes a complicated move we call the "praying hands" manuever. Both sides come up at the time to form an upright flap. Once in this position, the last step is to squash down the flap using existing creases until the paper is flat again. About half the planes in this program use this fold or a variation so it's important to be able to fold it well. Paper Airplane Designs: When you're just starting out with folding paper airplanes, it's a good idea to just follow the steps to the letter. As your skills improve and your confidence grows, you can start being more creative and experiment with new designs of your own. There are some important things to keep in mind when designing paper airplanes and this article will arm you with information to help you get a headstart in your fun journey. Paper Airplanes Don't Really Need Tails Some people think that tails are necessary for paper airplanes to become stable. This is simply not true. Most paper airplane designs do not include tails and even some real airplanes do not have tails. The B-2 Bomber comes to mind. However, the angle of the tail has a direct effect to the flight of the paper airplane. If you bend the end of the paper airplane's wings up, this would make it fly slower. Bend it down and it'll go faster. The paper airplane model dubbed as "The Best Paper Airplane In The World" has a tail. Wide Wings Are Good For Paper Airplanes But . . . Aviation terminology alert! The width of the wings from tip to tip is called the wingspan. Easy enough? Good. Now the distance between the front of the wings to the back is called the chord. Piece of cake! Now this is when it gets interesting. The ratio of the wingspan to the average chord is called the aspect ratio. Simply put: wide wing span + narrow chord = high aspect ratio . . . and vice versa. "But why does paper airplanes have low aspect ratio?" You may ask, observant reader. It's because paper isn't the best material for building flying things. A paper airplane with too high an aspect ratio can easily crumple with the force of the launch. Also, paper airplanes with low aspect ratio are easier to fold than the ones with high aspect ratio. All data and information collected from JD cards.

Film and Theory // 23rd November 2011
Film and Theory // 23rd November 2011


- 'The Auteur'; An Auteur is a film maker, usually the director - 'the one that moulds the film'. Movies are characterised by the filmmakers unique influences (an Auteur). Alfred Hitchcock is one of the most famous Auteurs of all time. The word Auteur is french for 'author'. 


- Auteurs are very similar in many ways to artists. They have original work, start new conventions - yet don't always follow them, they have their own unique language and have creative control. A key element of being a good film maker. 


- Other famous Auteurs alongside Alfred Hitchcock are Kubrick, Tarantino, and Jean Luc Goddard etc.


- Auteurs have innovative technical competence and therefore all films produced by Auteurs follow these functions - Sarros 1962 (American)


- 'Cahier du Cinema' is a journal about filmmakers - (I was actually in 'Waterstones' today and personally came across these journals. I found them really useful especially the one about Hitchcock as following the lecture yesterday I know have a greater understanding of his work and why he goes about it the way he does. It was interesting the gain a different perspective to his work than the one portrayed in the lecture yesterday.)


- Hitchcock worked for over 50 years with film, beginning with silent movies, he was a master of suspense. Hitchcock specialised in controlling and manipulating his audiences. A specific genre which suits his work is 'psychological thriller'. The french new wave were the first to celebrate Hitchcock's style and his persona as an 'Auteur'. 


- Hitchcock began his career in the 1920's using mainly lighting and very little dialogue in a film in order to innovate new aspects of film making, for example; the dolly zoom and montaging film scenes. His focus on expressionist lighting and visual storying telling was predominantly due to the silent era. He only brought in his use of subjective camera, dolly zoom and montaging in 1939 which continued through to 1960.


- When his career began in 1920, he first set out designing the sets of films as he was a very skilled artist. He then continued his apprenticeship alongside Graham Cutts, at Gainsborough. Five years later, in 1925, studio head Michael Balcon dispatched Hitchcock to Germany, where he saw firsthand the work of famous filmmakers like F.W Murnau.


'The lodger' 1927


- In 1927 Hitchcock produced his first fully acknowledged film 'The lodger'. It was a silent film, very avant-garde and he demonstrates his skilled use of colour, shadow and expressionism. Lot's of makeup is used throughout the movie and in the image below we see his controlled use of shadow as the crucifix lies perfectly across and face and eyes of the character. 

- Within the movie music is a key element of suspense and creates a mood for each individual scene. There is a clever montage and use of overlapping creating a ghost-like effect. There os a scene where he visually creates the effect of somebody pacing up and down. He shoots the scene through a glass floor to show this whereas nowadays footsteps would be heard through sound and movement. This is an example of how Hitchcock solves problems visually through dolly zoom and montage. 

- 'The lodger' is a silent film which is exaggerated through lighting and begins to be influenced by Cubism and French New Wave. His use of the glass floor to show sound visually allows Hitchcock to construe technical limitations. It's at this stage when Hitchcock begins to develop create a continuous style of film as the spy/line cut way of editing scenes.

- Hitchcock uses dolly zoon as an unsettling in-camera special effect that appears to determine the abnormal.

Here is a clip from the movie;

 

'Champagne' 1928


- Seeing two characters kiss through the glass. This is another example of Alfred Hitchcock's unique way of working with the camera. Voyeurism is a common theme in most (if not all) of his films. The film 'Champagne' displays some interesting montage techniques. 

Here is a video clip below which shows his interesting use of montage from around 1 minute 30 seconds;

      

Cutting and Montage

"What is drama, but life with all the dull bits cut out" - Hitchcock

Juxtaposition of imagery in different sizes. 

Here is an interview with Alfred Hitchcock from 1964:

 

- Psycho 1966 storyboard- these numerous sketches only accounted for 46 seconds of movie clip. Here you can see his use of cutting and camera shots. Shadow on curtain, Sound, Film cuts, blood in water, hand collapsing and losing life, no actual violence shown - unseen at the time, plenty of tension and suggestion, curtains rip as all life is lost, end on a close up of eye. This is a clip from the famous shower scene.

 

- Hitchcock pioneers his cutting and montage techniques by using small sections of film bites to show the drama, speed and emotion of the moment in a film. He uses this technique to dispute the restrictions of showing violence and brutality. Cutting the scene creates tension as it shows the most vital parts of the action, e.g walking to the death scene. 

- In the shower scene above Hitchcock uses impressionistic elements by portraying a nude woman being murdered - Hitchcock never actually shows the naked flesh through cutting and montaging. This is where his technique becomes very intricate only allowing the audience to see certain elements of the scene. 

- Orchastration is also used where Hitchcock includes loud and soft notes to create tension in a dramatic scene. 

- Size of image; different sized images are put together to show distance shots and close ups creating shock for the audience. 

- Pure cinematics - the assembly of film; developed a style or characteristic within each of his films. 

- Suspense is generated when an audience see's danger and the characters are unaware. Hitchcock is not concerned with realism yet he wants to evoke emotional responses. "There is no terror in the bang of a gun, only the anticipation of it" - Hitchcock.

- Hitchcock has cameo appearances in each of his films. In many ways this is like his own signature on his work like an artist signs their own painting on canvas. 

Vertigo

- In 'Vertigo', Hitchcock uses colour, filters and shapes effectively throughout his expressionistic dream sequence. Throughout the film 'Vertigo' Hitchcock constantly uses references to the colour 'Meridian Green' which is there to represent 'the ever living'. He states that "colour is used in an expressionistic way".

- His hallucinating scene; music, mad colours, new technology, modern, graphic, abstract, clever.

- Expression through colour usage and dolly zoom innovated in this film. Dream sequence of the reliving of a situation is made dramatic with his use of filters. 

- Hitchcock obsesses over the psychological thoughts of the audience

- He takes influences from surrealism and his collaboration with Salvador Dali to understand the minds of the people and what scares them. 

- Voyeurism again comes into play in the majority of films. 

Hitchcock's themes in cinema

Throughout Hitchcock's films he constantly refers back to blondes. Here are some examples of actresses he has worked with over the years - Cary Grant, Henry Fonda, Doris Day etc. Here is a photograph to example this, here we also see how he uses cameo's of himself throughout his work;

- Hitchcock aims the majority of his work at a female audience, and tries to provoke fear in women. He says this is the medium of pure cinema. He states in his interview that 80% of the audience in a cinema are women. His opinion of cinema today is very different - he voices that today's cinema is photographs of people talking with no meaning and no emotion.

Interior Meaning

- In 1938 Hitchcock leaves Gainsborough England to work in America, where he worked on films playing with Surrealism: 'Rebecca', 'Spellbound' and 'Notorious'. 

- He then worked on his collaboration with Salvador Dali - eyes - how we view things - perception.

- The art of Alfred Hitchcock - Donald Spoto; continually works with birds, harvering creatures of doom

 

- Eyes everywhere, overlapping images, first person camera, variety of shots, zooms into head for dream sequence. Birds eye view, birds symbolised throughout, some symbolism even in psycho.

Trauma

- Sets up his reason for his fear of Trauma at the start

- Descent into madness

- Becomes obsessed

- Voyeurism

- Reflection on colour: meridian Green

- Madeline hosts the same looks and hairstyles as calotta - the ghost that haunts her

- Scotti: "Their true name is Sequoia Sempervirans - always green and ever living".

- Judy bring meridian green back.

Film Posters

Here are some examples of Hitchcock film's poster's that I find really aesthetically pleasing:

Themes

- Ordinary people, extraordinary situations

- Suspense

- Voyeurism

- Idea's from Freudian psychology

- Sexual themes

- Blonde females - represent fear and danger

Critiques of Auteur's

- It presents canon films made by 'elites' (male auteurs)

- Disguises the work of others

- Universal view of quality

- Capitalising device: selling a film because of the director fame

Quotes

Louis B. Mayer - "The sign of a clever auteur is to achieve the illusion that there is a sole individual responsible for a magnificent creation that requires thousands of people to accomplish"

- I really like this quote as I feel I can relate to it with modern artists today.

For our new OUGD405 Module which will be briefed on Monday we have each been given a different scenario that we have to take away and research, collected a range of primary, secondary, quantitive and qualitative data from. Here are my findings;


Primary Research


For my primary research I decided to write a questionnaire based on facts I found in my Secondary Research section. Below is a copy of the questionnaire and the data collected.

All data collected was taken from research found on dltk-kids and familycrafts.

Here are the images collected from my questionnaire results;

Quantitive Data


Definition: Related to, or expressed in terms of measured numeric values, quantity or statistical comparison derived from systematic survey, observation or analysis of the subject; this may include probabilistic evaluation. Quantitative research is based on measurable data gathered from a wide range of sources, often followed by objective analysis. A general description includes facts, figures and scientific observation that can be statistically analyzed and then can be reduced to something that can be enumerated. The collected data is often subjected to statistical tests to see if the results are internally consistent or representative of random chance. Typically, it describes patterns and trends in size and quantity. Quantitative data is often classified as being real.


Qualitative Data


Definition: Relating to, or expressed in terms of, quality. Qualitative research is based on individual, often subjective analysis. A general description of properties that cannot be written in numbers, that cannot be reduced to something that can be enumerated. Relating to or based on the quality or character of something, often as opposed to its size or quantity. Typically describes people's knowledge, attitudes or behaviors. adj. A type of data used as a method of labeling and identifying. Qualitative data are classified as being either nominal or ordinal.


Secondary Research


For my secondary research I have studied different way in which Paper Mache can be made, using online internet sources and guided video demonstrations. Here are a few things I collected;


How to Paper Mache

• tear newspaper into strips
   
• HINT:  always make the last layer of mache with white computer paper or paper towel so that painting is easier.  It takes FAR less paint.  If you don't do this, consider priming the project with white acrylic paint before you let the kids at it with the poster paint
   
• Make paper mache paste (there are many different options):
  • OPTION 1:  3/4 white glue to 1/4 water (or if using a good, thick glue, like elmers you can do 1/2 and 1/2)
  • OPTION 2:  COOK METHOD:  1 part flour to 5 parts water... boil about 3 minutes and let cool  (my favorite!  it's the cheapest method and is nice and smooth)
  • OPTION 3:  1 part flour to 1 part water.  Stir together.

• NOTE:  Humidity really does play a factor!  If you live somewhere very humid, add less water (up to 1/4 less).  I live in a very dry area.
   
• NOTE:  if you add a couple tablespoons of salt to your paper mache it will not mold.  (Thanks to Marg for this tip!)
     
• Cover your project with no more than 4 layers of paper mache.  I always tell the kids 2 layers as they ALWAYS overlap more than they should *laugh*
   
• Let dry COMPLETELY.
   
• Once again cover with no more than 4 layers.
• continue this process until it's as solid as you want it.
   
• if making a pinata, tie a loop of string to a paper clip.  Tape the paper clip onto the frame of the pinata before you start maching.  Mache over top of the paper clip.  Make sure not to mache over the string loop.  Tie your rope onto the loop to hang your pinata.

Here are some tips I discovered whilst research method of production;

Suggestion from a viewer... "Rather than make our own paste for paper mache, we use liquid starch that is relatively inexpensive. I bought a large jug at the supermarket that we have been using for years. Sounds like it gives the same result as the cooked method. It dries smooth and clear - fantastic for use with gift wrap scraps. We use it with brown grocery bags when we want to create pottery or leather looking crafts." Thanks to Pam for sharing this idea!

Trish offered these tips for working with paper mache... "I briefly looked at your dolphin paper mache... have you ever tried using an old 2 litre soda bottle instead as your base? I use these a lot for paper mache. They are a good size and easy to cut and tape to alter to suit your needs. I taught Art to 4-7 graders and we made Elephants, Hippo's and Parrots out of the paper mache using the soda bottle method. I made a wonderful dolphin using a mineral water bottle that had a beautiful triangular shape. Wish I had a picture!! Try this easy paper mache paste recipe:  - Take 1 heaped soup ladle of powdered cornstarch  - Place in a heat proof bowl  - Add enough COLD water to form a paste and to dissolve powder to consistency of thick cream.  - Pour in one kettleful (1.7 litres) of RAPIDLY BOILING (MUST be bubbling away...) and stir like crazy...! It is very very HOT like porridge and it can form lumps so I usually give it a whisk or beating with my electric mixer to smooth it. Paste should change from opaque white to translucent once the boiling water is added. It will keep a few days and can be microwaved to be heated so it's less "jelly-like". Kids love to use it while it's warm, but it works equally well cold. Salt can be added to prolong shelf life." Thanks Trish!

Suggestion from a viewer... "I use Elmer's art paste as my 'glue' for papier mache--it costs less than $3 for a small box that will mix up to a gallon of paste--and it lasts a long time. Not only that, but projects won't get eaten by bugs (this can happen when using flour or cornstarch pastes)! Last of all, for less than $9, I can buy several cubic feet of loose cellulose insulation (shredded paper) from most hardware stores (that you can also mix with art paste to your liking)--this will give you enough medium to last for quite awhile (even years) including in classroom situations, depending upon how often you use it. To use this last, build your basic armature, cover with a few layers of paper, then apply cellulose/art paste medium in several coats; allow to dry between coats. You may choose to end with paper for a different finish. This is fun to sculpt and experiment with." Thanks to Ronnie Lee for sharing this idea!

Here is a video I came across which was quite interesting however does involve a more detailed and intricate process than other versions on 'how to make Paper Mache';

Here are some top tips on how to make 'great' Paper Mache:

•    Paper mache is a very messy craft! Make sure to cover your work surface, or you can even do it outside if weather permits. Make sure you cover yourself also!

•    Some creations can take several days to finish, so be prepared and be patient! Sometimes you will have to work for a little time every day adding new layers to your project.

•    You want to make sure your paper mache project is completely dry before you paint and decorate it.

•    Always tear your newspaper into strips instead of cutting them. For some reason the torn paper lays better on paper mache creation.

•    To help your creation last longer, seal it with varnish or acrylic sealing spray when you are done painting it.

•    For a natural look, use brown paper towels for the final layer of your creation.

•    When you lay the newspaper strips onto your paper mache project, make the strips go in as many different directions as possible as it will make your finished project stronger.

•    If you live in a humid climate assemble you paper mache project using glue rather than a flour and water mixture or try using a little less water in the recipe you follow.

•    When working with a round object set it on top of a bowl or large-mouthed cup while you are working on it so it sits still.

•    If you do not like the smell of your flour and water mixture, try adding a touch of cinnamon to sweeten it up.

Here are some interesting fact about Paper Mache:

1. In 1800 an Irish man called Issac Weld from County Cork made a boat from papier mache. In it he sailed on the Lakes of Killarney.

2. In 1833 Charles Frederick Bielefeld built ten prefabricated cottages and a ten roomed villa which he transported all the way to Australia! This “instant village” was designed to be assembled in just four hours for a client and his party to occupy on arrival.

3. Up until the 1970’s papier mache was used as casting moulds in the making of rotary letterpresses for printing our daily newspaper!

4. An ancient ceremony that still goes on today takes place in Duragupuja, India. Images are made of papier mache of the Goddess “Durga” and worshipped for ten days. Afterwards, in a candlelit midnight ceremony with a drum roll, they are cast into the river Ganges.

5. Masks have been made from papier mache since Paleolithic times.

6. Inspired by papier mache dolls and other items, a French physicist Louis Thomas Jerome Auzoux (1797 – 1880) experimented with anatomical papier mache models. In 1822 when he received his medical degree, he gave his first anatomical figure of a male to the Paris Academy of Medicine. Five years on he opened a factory to manufacture human, veterinary and botanical papier mache models.

7. The massive spinning papier mache globe made in Edinburgh for the Harry Potter film fetched an amazing £17,750 at auction!

8. A paper mache church erected in Norway survived 37 years before finally being demolished.

9. In 1883 a watch was made entirely from papier mache in Germany. The Dresden watchmaker claimed it was durable and matched it's metal equivalent in terms of performance.

10. Gong but not forgotton! Do you remember the giant gong at the start of J Arthur Rank films? Believe it or not, that gong was made of papier mache! This fact was let slip to close friends by the gong-striker, Kenneth Richmond who recently died in his 80s.

All secondary Data and research sourced from dltk-kids and familycrafts.

Quantitive Data Definition: Related to, or expressed in terms of measured numeric values, quantity or statistical comparison derived from systematic survey, observation or analysis of the subject; this may include probabilistic evaluation. Quantitative research is based on measurable data gathered from a wide range of sources, often followed by objective analysis. A general description includes facts, figures and scientific observation that can be statistically analyzed and then can be reduced to something that can be enumerated. The collected data is often subjected to statistical tests to see if the results are internally consistent or representative of random chance. Typically, it describes patterns and trends in size and quantity. Quantitative data is often classified as being real.

Qualitative Data Definition: Relating to, or expressed in terms of, quality. Qualitative research is based on individual, often subjective analysis. A general description of properties that cannot be written in numbers, that cannot be reduced to something that can be enumerated. Relating to or based on the quality or character of something, often as opposed to its size or quantity. Typically describes people's knowledge, attitudes or behaviors. adj. A type of data used as a method of labeling and identifying. Qualitative data are classified as being either nominal or ordinal.


For example, when comparing the information given above in my Secondary Research:

• Make paper mache paste (there are many different options):
  • OPTION 1:  3/4 white glue to 1/4 water (or if using a good, thick glue, like elmers you can do 1/2 and 1/2)
  • OPTION 2:  COOK METHOD:  1 part flour to 5 parts water... boil about 3 minutes and let cool  (my favorite!  it's the cheapest method and is nice and smooth)
  • OPTION 3:  1 part flour to 1 part water.  Stir together.
  
  
  Quantitative Data would be that you mix 3/4 white glue with 1/4 water, or that you boil 1 part flour with 5 parts water and finally in option three the quantitative data would be that you stir together 1 part flour with 1 part water. However for these three examples we can also have qualitative data. Qualitative Data would be that you mix white glue with water, or in option two that you boil water and flour together and finally that in the final option you mix flour and water and stir the two together. Here we can see the clear definition between the two. Quantitative data includes figures and is much more precise however Qualitative data is more vague and just gives the details on the items not specifically the measurements or timings.